Internship Opportunities At Alcorn State University Essay

Internship Opportunities at Apple.Inc Introduction to Academic Writing Sandeep Kumar Boggula Dr. Freda M. Lawrence April 20, 2016 Alcorn State University Abstract Organizations are opening the windows to enter into their organization through various opportunities and these opportunities are helping many people especially students in learning the company atmosphere. One among these opportunities is the Internship. Internship is a form of working process where a person(employee or student) gains a work experience. This idea has helped in bringing out many new ideas from each and every corner of the world. Apple.Inc has been considered as a world s best opportunity provider according to many researches. This created a interest in me to choose this company. As Apple is considered as a top-most company in the world, its selection procedure for the internship is a little difficult when compared to other companies. This selection process may include online interview, face-to-face interview, questionnaires, problem solving etc. With the advancement in the technology many new forms of selection are being introduced day by day. With these procedures, or ganizations are getting a better opportunity to evaluate the person exactly. In this research paper, I tried to cover the selection procedure, requirements and Evaluation of the skills of the person. Introduction to Appe.Inc Apple.Inc is an American multinational technology company which is headquartered inShow MoreRelatedApplication of a Theoretical Framework Used in the Study of Organisational Culture to Conduct an Analysis of an Organisation’s Culture4731 Words   |  19 PagesIN THE STUDY OF ORGANISATIONAL CULTURE TO CONDUCT AN ANALYSIS OF AN ORGANISATION’S CULTURE 1 APPLICATION OF A THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK USED IN THE STUDY OF ORGANISATIONAL CULTURE TO CONDUCT AN ANALYSIS OF AN ORGANISATION’S CULTURE Northumbria University B(A) in Business with International Management Culture and Organisation HR0372 Total Word Count: 3285 APPLICATION OF A THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK USED IN THE STUDY OF ORGANISATIONAL CULTURE TO CONDUCT AN ANALYSIS OF AN ORGANISATION’S CULTURE

Transformation Randle McMurphy Patients Essay - 844 Words

Transformation: Randle McMurphy Patients He waltzed into the ward and introduced himself to every patient as a gambling man with a zest for women and cards. Randle P. McMurphy, a swaggering, gambling, boisterous redheaded con man, arrived at the ward from the Pendleton Work Farm. He was sentenced to six months at the prison work farm, but pretended to be insane in order to obtain a transfer to the hospital because he thought it would be more comfortable than the work farm. Bromden senses that there was something different about this new patient. After his first experience with the excruciating routine of the Group Meeting, McMurphy tells the patients that Nurse Ratchet is a genuine â€Å"ball-cutter.† The other patients tell him that†¦show more content†¦The struggle between Ratched and McMurphy takes on the symbolic overtones of a mythological, comic battle. McMurphy learns that involuntarily committed patients cannot leave the hospital without staff approval. Therefore, he cannot leave at the end of his six months sentence, but when Nurse Ratched says he can and he begins to submit to her authority. However, by this time, he had become the leader for the other patients. Their sanity, their claim to manhood lies in the balance. Cheswick, dismayed by McMurphy’s surrender, commits suicide. Cheswick’s suicide signals to McMurphy that he has unwittingly taken on the responsibility of rehabilitating the other patients. However, after protecting Big George from the cruelty of Ratched’s aides, McMurphy is sent to Disturbed for electro-shock therapy. The weight of his obligations to the other begins to wear away his strength and his sanity. Nevertheless, McMurphy arranges a fishing trip for himself and nine other patients. He guides them through the process of dealing with the hostility of the outside world and sets the stage for Billy Bibbit to lose his virginity by arranging a data between him and Candy Starr, a prostitute from Portland. When the other patients sense that McMurphy is weakening, they urge him to escape. He tells them he will leave early in the morning after Billy has his date. He arranges a going away party for himself. While Billy finally enjoys the pleasure of sex with Candy, McMurphy and theShow MoreRelatedCharacter Analysis of Mcmurphy972 Words   |  4 Pagesnarrated by Chief, a patient, starts in a mental ward that is run by Big Nurse Ratched. The policy is the law and no one can change it, only abide by it. The patients are being oppressed by Nurse Ratched, though they don’t realize it until McMurphy shows up. The patients do as Nurse Ratched says because they fear her wrath. Throughout the novel, the character Randle Patrick McMurphy represents the rebellious people in the oppressive society. As the story progresses, McMurphy commits many rebelliousRead MoreThe Film One Flew Over The Cuckoo s Nest1267 Words   |  6 PagesIn the novel and the film One Flew over the Cuckoo’s Nes t there are a variety of transformations. In the film the actors are not portrayed, looks wise, as they are in the book. There are many characters whose appearances aren’t how they are described in the book, like Nurse Ratched and Chief Bromden. There are also many events and incidents that happen in the book that do not happen in the movie. The movie includes a character or two that was not mentioned in the book and characters are portrayedRead MoreKen Kesey s One Flew Over The Cuckoo s Nest2448 Words   |  10 Pages1960’s, and is presented through the vision of Chief Bromden, a patient that is stuck within an figment of imagination where those who fall to the mechanical system become the machines themselves. The novel’s lead character, Randle Patrick McMurphy, assumes the role of a hero, in both a classical and contemporary sense, where he is pitched against Big Nurse Ratched, a tyrannical force within the hospital itself, who coerces all her patients into t he combine, which essentially diminishes them into dependencyRead More One Flew Over The Cuckoos Nest Essay example1619 Words   |  7 Pagesand the prospect to become â€Å"big again.† The man who does so is no other than R.P. McMurphy. Scanlon, Harding, Bibbit, and Chief Bromden may have become adjusted to the oppressive system in which they lived, but certainly were much better adjusted to the real world and life in general after their experience with McMurphy.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Some people may argue that the people of the mental hospital were better off without McMurphy because their lives were â€Å"normal† and routine. Their daily routine guided them throughRead More Point of View in Ken Keseys One Flew Over the Cuckoos Nest2256 Words   |  10 Pagescentral character of Randle Patrick McMurphy, Kesey gives us narration that is objective, that is to say from the outside of the central character, and also narration that is subjective and understandably unreliable. The paranoia and dementia that fill Bromdens narration set a tone for the struggle for liberation that is the theme of the story. It is also this choice of narrator that leads the reader to wonder at the conclusion whether the story was actually that of McMurphy or Bromden. Keseys choiceRead MoreKen Keseys One Flew Over the Cuckoos Nest and Anthony Burgesss A Clockwork Orange2318 Words   |  10 Pagesby Ken Kesey, and A Clockwork Orange, by Anthony Burgess, both deal with authorities that deprive their people of freedom for the sake of their rule. The former takes place in a contemporary mental hospital, where a conniving nurse torments her patients with her stipulations, and tortures those who do not abide by her standards. The latter novel, set in the dystopian future, is about a criminal teenager who is arrested by the government and undergoes a new reformation treatment intended to induce

Agribusiness Free Essays

Agribusiness as a way of life Agribusiness for me is a systematic structure of well coordinated and oriented subsystems which makes the agriculture stable. Agribusiness can be viewed as a system, in which it compose of many subsystems. In agriculture where crops are cultivated to produce crops, the agribusiness plays an important role to distribute those crops in proper places at high value. We will write a custom essay sample on Agribusiness or any similar topic only for you Order Now Well, we all know that agriculture doesn’t only involve in crops but also in poultry and livestock, fishery and forestry. It also plays an important role of the daily lives of the people, where the incessant interaction and circulation of commodities is discerned. Without Agribusiness, goods and services will not be delivered to various consumers and the needs and wants of the people cannot be attained. Agribusiness is tantamount to open system which composes of various subsystems. And in order for the system to be viable, its subsystem should also be viable. Any system has its own gaps and weaknesses that may lead the whole system to collapse. And it is obvious that to prevent the whole system to collapse, the operation of each and every subsystem should be well orchestrated, well coordinated and lastly well synchronized to make the whole system viable as it should be. By effective coordination and synergism, agribusiness as viable open system can be attained. The importance of agribusiness as a field of discipline is that we will discern the gaps and weaknesses of our career in which we could devise some individual developmental plan to improve ourselves as well mounded individual, highly competitive meeting national and global needs. Due to ineffable importance of agribusiness in people’s daily lives. Many improvements were developed to make human needs, wants and activities much more accessible and easier leading to global industrialization. Annually, investments trends, prospects or development in agribusiness continuously devised to sustain domestic and global needs. The current investment trend or developments in Agribusiness is the â€Å"Biotech investment trend in Europe and Asia for 2012† in which it is stated that the E companies are finally following US and also Japanese organizations in improving their purchase in â€Å"agro-biotechnology’ inside Asia. Although simply no precise figures can be obtained, estimates coming from different options indicate in which biotechnology purchase by E firms inside Asia provides increase coming from US dollars 230 million inside 1993 to be able to US dollar 270 thousand in 1995. The growing investment is combined with an increasing variety in business projects. (www. Investment-trend. Bloodspot. Com) How to cite Agribusiness, Papers

Buried Child Essay Example For Students

Buried Child Essay Its amazing what a secret can do to a person. Keeping secrets among friends can be fun, or helpful when you need to confide in someone you trust. Other secrets can do more harm than good. They can fester inside you and cause endless pain. In ;quot;Buried Child,;quot; this is the case. The family is permanently altered by their secret, which becomes a growing moral cancer to them, leaving each impotent in their own way. The play takes place on Dodges farm. About thirty years ago, the farm was fertile and prosperous. Dodge and Halie didnt have a wonderful marriage, however. Things took a turn for the worse when Halie became pregnant with someone else. It is suggested that Tilden is the father. The evidence to support this includes the fact that the baby was small, and that Tilden would sing to it and take it for long walks all day, just talking to it and treating it as his own. ;quot;Tildenwas the one who knew. Better than any of us. Hed walk for miles with that kid in his arms. Halie let him take it. All night sometimes.quot; (p. 124) Dodge would not allow this abomination to grow up and live in his family, so he drowned it, and buried it in the backyard. We can guess that this is when the farm ceased to be fertile, and fell into disuse. This is a symbol of the death of honesty and the birth of the familys terrible secret. Why exactly does everything go wrong for this family? We dont know exactly when the problems started, but we know that Ansel died on his honeymoon, Bradley cut off his own leg in a chain saw accident and is now mentally imbalanced, Tilden is nonfunctional and has been driven out of New Mexico, Dodge is a crazy old sick guy, and Halie is doing shady things with the preacher. Vince is the only person capable of facing the world and life, but he too is corrupted by the secret at the end. The answer to the question is that their secret, the dead child, is a secret festering them from the inside out. It is unclearhow long this moral degradation took, it may have taken years for all this to happen. We do know that it has left everyone impotent. Bradley is the most vivid example of this impotence. His false leg is his crutch, both figuratively and literally. With it, he has the most power of any of the people in the play. He maims and shaves Dodge with no repercussions, intimidates Tilden t o the point of making him run away, and he rapes Shelly by sticking his hands into her mouth. quot;With his free hand he puts his fingers into her mouth. She tries to pull away. BRADLEY: Just stay put! She freezes. He keepshis fingers in her mouth.quot; (p. 107) Without his leg, however, he no more than a sniveling infant. quot;Mom! Mom! Shes got my leg! Shes taken my leg! I never did anything to her. Shes stolen my leg!;quot; (p. 120) He cant even try to get it, just reach out and whine like a baby. He seems incapable of even adult reasoning. There is a major difference in the effect this impotence has on Bradley and Tilden. While Bradley denies the truth, telling Tilden he doesnt know, he wasnt born yet, Tilden is on an active search for the body of this child. Bradley wants the secret to remain a secret. Tilden wants it out in the open, wants the closure, even if subconsciously. Thats why he finds corn, carrots, and potatoes out in the fields, while Bradley and the others see only the rain. The land represents the soul, and is fertile for Tilden because in his way he is seeking to right this terrible wrong by revealing the child. When Tilden covers Dodge with the corn husks, but leaves his head uncovered, he is covering him with something good that the land, or in this case his maimed soul, has produced. He is trying to help Dodge to realize that the truth must be told. Bradley comes into the room and throws the husks off, shaves Dodges head and cuts him while he is helpless, like a punishment for the secret. Then he co vers him up, head and all, with the blanket. This shows a denial of the truth and a denial that it needs to be told. This situation could also have to do with life. Bradleys bruality could show that he wishes Dodge would die, so the secret would no longer matter. Tilden wants his father to live on and tell the secret, and be healed. .u752c54ff8fac4dfdd12e59c12fd1462e , .u752c54ff8fac4dfdd12e59c12fd1462e .postImageUrl , .u752c54ff8fac4dfdd12e59c12fd1462e .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u752c54ff8fac4dfdd12e59c12fd1462e , .u752c54ff8fac4dfdd12e59c12fd1462e:hover , .u752c54ff8fac4dfdd12e59c12fd1462e:visited , .u752c54ff8fac4dfdd12e59c12fd1462e:active { border:0!important; } .u752c54ff8fac4dfdd12e59c12fd1462e .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u752c54ff8fac4dfdd12e59c12fd1462e { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u752c54ff8fac4dfdd12e59c12fd1462e:active , .u752c54ff8fac4dfdd12e59c12fd1462e:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u752c54ff8fac4dfdd12e59c12fd1462e .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u752c54ff8fac4dfdd12e59c12fd1462e .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u752c54ff8fac4dfdd12e59c12fd1462e .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u752c54ff8fac4dfdd12e59c12fd1462e .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u752c54ff8fac4dfdd12e59c12fd1462e:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u752c54ff8fac4dfdd12e59c12fd1462e .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u752c54ff8fac4dfdd12e59c12fd1462e .u752c54ff8fac4dfdd12e59c12fd1462e-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u752c54ff8fac4dfdd12e59c12fd1462e:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: A plate of Swift served with a generous portion of satire EssayNo one else sees the crops because of the rain, which is a symbol of the secret. For all we know, it has been raining since the day the child was killed. The others cant see through the rain to see the truth, the secret must be revealed. After the secret has been revealed to Shelly, it stops raining and everyone sees the crops outside. They can see that it is better to not keep such a terrible secret. It is important that they tell an outsider the secret because it is a sort of cleansing to them. They are finally getting this terrible secret off their chests, so to speak. Soemtimes, realization comes too late t o help, though. In this case, Vince becomes corrupted and a member of this crazy family again. Dodge dies, but he has let the secret out, like the only thing that was keeping him alive was protecting the secret from outside view. Shelley leaves because she is an outsider and has no part of the corruption. It is interesting to note that no one remembers Vince until he is acting as crazy as the rest of the family. He is the only one who is capable of dealing with life outside the house. It is unclear whether or not he is different because the brunt of the degradation happened to the family within the six years since his last visit, or if the act of leaving and forcing himself to live away from the secret changedhim. He had no knowledge of the buried child until it was revealed, but the problems of his family members could easily have been passed on to him subconsciously by everyone else. Their actions could have had a profound effect on the way he thinks and acts. It is when Vince is accepted back into that family that Shelly realizes there is nohope for this family. They are lost. She then leaves them all to their permanent insanity. This shows that even though the secret was finally brought out into the open, it was too little too late. A terrible secret kept that long can tear a pers on apart.

5 Tips for Handling your Thesis Data Analysis - Proofed

5 Tips for Handling your Thesis Data Analysis - Proofed 5 Tips for Handling your Thesis Data Analysis When writing your thesis, the process of analyzing data and working with statistics can be pretty hard at first. This is true whether you’re using specialized data analysis software, like SPSS, or a more descriptive approach. But there are a few guidelines you can follow to make things simpler. 1. Choose the Best Analytical Method for Your Project The sheer variety of techniques available for data analysis can be confusing! If you are writing a thesis  on internet marketing, for instance, your approach to analysis will be very different to someone writing about biochemistry. As such it is important to adopt an approach appropriate to your research. 2. Double Check Your Methodology If you are working with quantitative data, it is important to make sure that your analytical techniques are compatible with the methods used to gather your data. Having a clear understanding of what you have done so far will ensure that you achieve accurate results. For instance, when performing statistical analysis, you may have to choose between parametric and non-parametric testing. If your data is sampled from a population with a broadly Gaussian (i.e., normal) distribution, you will almost always want to use some form of non-parametric testing. But if you can’t remember or aren’t sure how you selected your sample, you won’t necessarily know the best test to use! 3. Familiarize Yourself with Statistical Analysis and Analytical Software Thanks to various clever computer programs, you no longer have to be a math genius to conduct top-grade statistical analysis. Nevertheless, learning the basics will help you make informed choices when designing your research and prevent you from making basic mistakes. Likewise, trying out different software packages will allow you to pick the one best suited to your needs on your current project. 4. Present Your Data Clearly and Consistently This is possibly one of the most important parts of writing up your results. Even if your data and statistics are perfect, failure to present your analysis clearly will make it difficult for your reader to follow. Ask yourself how your analysis would look to someone unfamiliar with your project. If they would be able to understand your analysis, you’re on the right track! 5. Make It Relevant! Finally, remember that data analysis is about more than just presenting your data. You should also relate your analysis back to your research objectives, discussing its relevance and justifying your interpretations. This will ensure that your work is easy to follow and demonstrate your understanding of the methods used. So no matter what you are writing about, the analysis is a great time to show off how clever you are!

Edo Castle essays

Edo Castle essays One of the biggest, nicest and best castles in Japan is the Edo Castle. However, when Edo was first constructed it really wasnt that nice at all. In 1457, this castle was constructed, but much different than it is today. Actually, all it really was, was a fort on top of a hill. The castle was also small, and surrounded by marshes. Ota Dokan was the man originally in charge of the construction of the Edo Castle. Ota Dokan was a local ruler, and leader of the Hojo family. The place that Dokan chose to build the castle was on a hill on which three sides were surrounded by marshes and swamps from the Sumida River surrounded the castle. The construction workers finished the fourth side by digging a moat. This was initially built to separate from the Yamanote district. The castle was not attackable. Edo Castle is an extremely large castle. The castle covers over more than two kilometers. The size of the land is just overwhelming. Inside the moat, there are very beautiful gardens with unbelievable flowering trees, ponds and walkways. There are also a great number of rooms that are lived in. The most important daimyo, which are rulers and distant relatives of the shogun live in very elegant rooms. There is also a very large area in which the thousands of servants and castle officials reside in. There are a very beautiful gardens with unbelievable flowering trees, ponds and walkways. There is also a room in the middle of the castle, which is of course the shogun of Japans. The Hojo family still ruled the castle in 1589. In 1589, In 1589, the ruler for the Hojo family was Hojo Ujimasa. Ujimasas army was defeated by Toyotomi Hideyoshis in the seige of Odawara. The land that once belonged to the Hojo family was now Toyotomi Hideyoshis. Tokugawa Ieyasu, who at the time was a very powerful daimyo, helped Hiedyoshi in the battle against the Hojos. Ieyasu was invited to Hideyoshis castl...

Unit VI Analyze the Running Case on page 488 of the textbook, Essay

Unit VI Analyze the Running Case on page 488 of the textbook, - Essay Example ndle customers, customer care protocols, production chain management, communication approaches, recreational, wellness systems and marketing techniques. Training on such aspects enables companies to focus their synergies in providing competitive services at the right time. This paper explores the best way of managing training program at Manage Your Health Company (MYH) that is expected to be rolled out. The training programs the institution seeks to adopt is to improve employee performance by ensuring their health and physical wellbeing. In particular, the company that has over 20,000 full time employees and 5,000 part time employees is set to offer training on recreation and wellness. The program is to be facilitated by experienced trainers with the capacity of ensuring holistic development. As noted, MYH is set to roll out a recreation and wellness training program that aims at equipping employees with requisite incentives for health development. The training is to be executed to boost health conditions of the staff and in turn engage in quality service delivery. Improving employee health requires effective and timely enlightening on dietary matters, awareness creation on healthy foodstuffs, and education on balanced diet among others (Richard, Emener & Hutchison, 2009). On the other hand, keeping fit calls for favorable fitness training and systematic workout by the employees. These aspects require a well versed training team and management for best results to be attained. To achieve the objectives, the institution contemplates outsourcing the management of the training process to facilitate the program based on the scope of work to be executed. However, the proposal to outsource trainers is deemed unnecessary and wasteful given that MYH Company has a well-established internal training team/department that has over the years conducted various training programs successfully. The internal training department has the capacity to conduct the program that requires

Hedge Fund Industry Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Hedge Fund Industry - Essay Example This can be used for both short and long term investments. Unlike mutual funds, however, hedge funds typically take long and short positions in assets to lower portfolio risk arising from broad market movements. A hedge fund may take long positions in certain stocks, and short positions in other stocks, the portfolio beta of which is close to zero. A beta close to zero implies that the portfolio will remain relatively unchanged due to the broad market movement. Such a portfolio will primarily change if the stocks move more than the broad market. In the U.S., laws require that the majority of investors in the fund beaccredited. That is, theymust earn a minimum amount of moneyannually and have a net worth ofmore than$1 million, along with a significant amountof investment knowledge. (Hedge Fund. 2008). In both rising and falling equity and bond markets hedge fund strategies tend to have the ability to generate positive returns. Since it is a balanced portfolio it helps to reduce overall portfolio risk and volatility and, therefore, has the potential for increased returns. Hedge funds also have an advantage over other options of investment as it offers investors a wide variety of choices in Hedge fund strategies that can be tailor made to suit the investment objective of individual customers. The fact that hedge funds have higher returns and lower overall risk than traditional investment funds has been proved beyond doubt through academic research. Moreover, this platform provides an ideal long-term investment solution, eliminating the concept of correct time entry and exit from markets. Adding hedge funds to an investment portfolio provides diversification which is otherwise not available in traditional modes of investments. The aspiration of the prospective employee Mr.X. Mr.X is undergoing a graduate course in commerce. His father Mr Y had remained employed in the insurance business, and wanted his son to toe in the same line. Mr.X however, had different ambitions. He weighed the pros and cons of joining the hedge fund industry as well as the insurance sector. He sought the advice of different consultants in the field who gave him the necessary information. He found out that the hedge fund industry was more lucrative and he chose this as his career option. Initially he thought that an undergraduate course in commerce would give him the necessary inputs. When he completed more than half the course content, he realised that he will not able to pursue a career in hedge fund with the knowledge gained from this course alone. He came to know about a large variety of job oriented course relating to hedge fund. So, in the final semester, he pursued a part-time certificate course in hedge fund. Again, he realised that there was a gap between theory and practi ce. Thus, in order to receive some practical experience, he underwent an internship with a practitioner in hedge fund consultation. Human Capital Theory: Human capital refers to the stock of productive skills and technical knowledge embodied in the labour free of an organisation. Economists consider human capital as one of the

Alleviating Problems in Police Agencies Article

Alleviating Problems in Police Agencies - Article Example My discussion explores the position vis a vis the two great democratic nations which have led the world in their quest for human rights and whose legal and political systems are deemed to be the envy of the world.It has often been said that the modern American Constitution along with the Declaration of Independence is a result of Lockean Ideals of Liberalism(that is John Locke's Concepts based on liberty, freedom, instituting government, and the right to alter that government.).However proponents of the heavy influence of British/European ideals (Gary Wills for example) have argued that a much more important role in this regard has been played by Scottish philosophers ,the Dutch and more importantly Britain.(Kavka 1986:45). According to Sheldon the Declaration of Rights reflects "three dominant ideologies present during the American revolution and the founding of the American republic. These political philosophies were British liberalismClassical Republicanismand Christianity," (Sheldon: 16). It can be seen that the Western Ideals of Government and Democracy are directly a result of the way ancient Roman and European philosophers sought to understand the human nature by the concept of the "state of nature." (Kavka 1986:87).This theory sought to look at human beings after stripping them of all their societal attributes, in the hope of uncovering their common characteristics.(Jean 1986:46) Through this theory they hoped to discover an effective theory of Government.For Hobbes man is purely motivated by self interest and in his notion of the state of nature all humans are competing with each other .(Jean 1986:58).For Locke of the state of nature reveals the obligations of humans to each other in terms of natural rights to life, liberty and property. In contrast for Rousseau in line with the tradition of the modern natural law there was a need to answer the "challenge of skepticism" and this would require a step by step approach to human nature based on self interest. (Jean 1986:69).For Hobbes men are politically obligated to each other based on their own selfish interests which is their state of nature. The notion of the state of nature assumes that it is each man for him out there and every man is vulnerable. This he shows is not a desirable "state" to be in at all and therefore there is a need of an invisible assurance of security. For him this state of "

Holistic approach of yoga for health

Holistic approach of yoga for health In this modern era, we have all the material comforts due to advancements in technology; this rapid progress and technological development has changed the life style of the people, which in turn seems to pose many challenges. Today, ones life style has changed in all aspects, viz physical, mental social. Mankind suffered from infectious contagious diseases before 19th century. Thanks to all advances in modern medicine, this has helped us to get these infectious contagious diseases under control. These are now replaced by psychosomatic ailments which are assuming epidemic proportions. Scientists are recognizing that the modern lifestyle has a major contribution for this. The modern medical science is recognizing its limitations in treating these psychosomatic ailments as evidenced by low success rates in the treatment, side effects of the medicine continuing increase in the incidence of these life style problems. So, people are looking for some alternate remedy for their problems for effective management of their problems. In the past few years there is tremendous scope for the Complimentary Alternative Medicines (CAM). The aim of this report is to provide information about the positive benefits of an alternate system. Now is the time to review our approach in treating psychosomatic problems. A change in attitude and lifestyle is necessary to help us to cope with the problems and diseases. On the positive side, man has the potential to search for pragmatic and simple solutions. By finding realistic alternatives and by creating positive solutions, the problems can be resolved, and the world brought out of its present crisis. Recent researches have shown that mind, the psyche plays a prime role in most of the psychosomatic diseases. The biomedical approach of modern medicine has looked at only (Physical) superficial aspect of ones existence, which in turn seems to have limited its treatment success. Vedas the treasure house of ancient Indian science, which includes Yoga Ayurveda, may play an important role in treating these diseases with their holistic/ integrated approach. These two systems play a prime role in the expanded version of CAM. This science is more than 5000 years old. These are the major tools to achieve Chaturtha purusharthas (Dharma, Artha, Kama, and Moksha) which is a prime goal of all human being. In the classics they very beautifully explains that, we need long healthy life span to achieve chaturvidha purusharthas, ayurveda helps to achieve long healthy life span yoga is to achieve a higher goal like Moksha(Liberation). As Yoga is known to calm down the mind, so in the modern era it h as become an important tool to treat these psychosomatic diseases. Even though it is known for higher goal like Moksha, its need of the hour to successful conquering the challenges of these psychosomatic diseases. Through yoga, one can understand this root cause and take measures to establish peace and harmony. The approaches are integrated at all levels Annamaya koņºa, Pranamaya koņºa, Manomaya koņºa, Vijà ±Ãƒâ€žÃ‚ namaya Koņºa and Änandamaya koņºa promoting physical, mental, social and spiritual health. Concept of health and Yoga Health is a state of well-being at physical, mental, social and spiritual levels and not merely an absence of illness or infirmity. This is the definition of Health as defined by World Health Organization (WHO). Prior to this latest definition the World Health Organization adopted only three components e.g. Physical, Mental and Social. The spiritual role played in making a healthy body was very newly recognized by this International Authority only after knowing the efficacy of yoga as a science in totality, so to say, an integrated and holistic science. Sri Aurobindo emphasizes, health is an all-round personality development; at the physical, mental, intellectual, emotional and spiritual levels. It is a process by which the limitations and imperfections can be washed away resulting in a superhuman race. The new facilities of deeper perceptions of the world beyond the five senses emerge in this phase of superman existence. Further growth leads to man to unfold ever deeper layers of consciousness and widen the spectrum of his knowledge to move towards divinity or perfection. Yoga is a systematic conscious process for accelerating the growth of human being from his animal level and ultimately to divinity. It is a systematic methodology for all-round personality development on the physical, mental, intellectual, emotional and spiritual components of man. Thus, Yoga in its general methodology for the growth of man to divine heights includes techniques useful for therapeutic applications in making man healthier. Yoga way of life is charac terized by peace and tranquility, harmony and health, love and happiness, precision and efficiency. The aim of this report is to provide information about the positive benefits of an alternate system. Unlike conventional medicine where in the application of drugs treat only the surface level of the ailments and there are also dangerous side effects, which sometimes cause more problems the traditional yoga philosophy regards the human being as an indivisible entity. So it adopts a holistic approach. The root cause of the modern psychosomatic ailments is the stress. Through yoga, one can understand this root cause and take measures to establish peace and harmony. The approaches are integrated at all levels à  Ã‚ ¤Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ãƒ  Ã‚ ¤Ã‚ ¨Ãƒ  Ã‚ ¥Ã‚ Ãƒ  Ã‚ ¤Ã‚ ¨Ãƒ  Ã‚ ¤Ã‚ ®Ãƒ  Ã‚ ¤Ã‚ ¯ à  Ã‚ ¤Ã¢â‚¬ ¢Ãƒ  Ã‚ ¥Ã¢â‚¬ ¹Ãƒ  Ã‚ ¤Ã‚ ¶ (annamaya koņºa ), à  Ã‚ ¤Ã‚ ªÃƒ  Ã‚ ¥Ã‚ Ãƒ  Ã‚ ¤Ã‚ °Ãƒ  Ã‚ ¤Ã‚ ¾Ãƒ  Ã‚ ¤Ã‚ £Ãƒ  Ã‚ ¤Ã‚ ®Ãƒ  Ã‚ ¤Ã‚ ¯ à  Ã‚ ¤Ã¢â‚¬ ¢Ãƒ  Ã‚ ¥Ã¢â‚¬ ¹Ãƒ  Ã‚ ¤Ã‚ ¶ (prÄ Ãƒ ¡Ã‚ ¹Ã¢â‚¬ ¡amaya koņºa), à  Ã‚ ¤Ã‚ ®Ãƒ  Ã‚ ¤Ã‚ ¨Ãƒ  Ã‚ ¥Ã¢â‚¬ ¹Ãƒ  Ã‚ ¤Ã‚ ®Ãƒ  Ã ‚ ¤Ã‚ ¯ à  Ã‚ ¤Ã¢â‚¬ ¢Ãƒ  Ã‚ ¥Ã¢â‚¬ ¹Ãƒ  Ã‚ ¤Ã‚ ¶ (manomaya koņºa ), à  Ã‚ ¤Ã‚ µÃƒ  Ã‚ ¤Ã‚ ¿Ãƒ  Ã‚ ¤Ã…“à  Ã‚ ¥Ã‚ Ãƒ  Ã‚ ¤Ã… ¾Ãƒ  Ã‚ ¤Ã‚ ¾Ãƒ  Ã‚ ¤Ã‚ ¨Ãƒ  Ã‚ ¤Ã‚ ®Ãƒ  Ã‚ ¤Ã‚ ¯ à  Ã‚ ¤Ã¢â‚¬ ¢Ãƒ  Ã‚ ¥Ã¢â‚¬ ¹Ãƒ  Ã‚ ¤Ã‚ ¶ (vijà ±Ãƒâ€žÃ‚ namaya koņºa) and à  Ã‚ ¤Ã¢â‚¬  Ãƒ  Ã‚ ¤Ã‚ ¨Ãƒ  Ã‚ ¤Ã‚ ¨Ãƒ  Ã‚ ¥Ã‚ Ãƒ  Ã‚ ¤Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ  Ã‚ ¤Ã‚ ®Ãƒ  Ã‚ ¤Ã‚ ¯ à  Ã‚ ¤Ã¢â‚¬ ¢Ãƒ  Ã‚ ¥Ã¢â‚¬ ¹Ãƒ  Ã‚ ¤Ã‚ ¶(Ä nandamaya koņºa) promoting physical, mental, social and spiritual health. Recent research proved the efficacy of yoga in the treatment of psychosomatic diseases, but as it is comparatively new to treat these diseases, experts believe more research needs to be under taken. Integrated Approach of Yoga Therapy (I.A.Y.T) In ancient science yoga is known for higher goals like Moksha (Liberation). But as we know the need of the hour is to use Yoga for treating the psychosomatic ailments. From the last few decades yoga gained popularity as one of the Complimentary Alternative Medicines (CAM) in all parts of the world. Different people are using it in different ways. It has also become a part of education with its multifold advantages. Yoga is used for developing memory, intelligence and creativity. The modern medical system has replaced almost all the traditions system of medicine in different parts of the globe because of its relational basis. It has proved itself most effective in saving man from the fatal hands of contagious and infectious diseases. But many psychosomatic ailments and psychiatric problems pose a great disturbance to the modern medical system. It is here that yoga is making a vital contribution to the modern medical system. Patanjali defines YOGA in his second patanjalis aphorism as; Yogah Citta Vriti Nirodhah Yoga is a continuous process of gaining control over the mind which helps us to reach over original state. Yoga helps us to remain calm and silent under a given situation and to think and act accordingly. As per yoga Vasistha, Yoga is a skilful trick to calm down the mind on the tend it is portrayed as Manah Prasamanopayah Yoga Ityabhidhiyate. According to Bhagwad Gita, it is, yogah karmasu kausalam which says yoga is dexterity in action. According to Sri Aurobindo, health is an all-round personality development; at the physical, mental, intellectual, emotional and spiritual levels. It is a process by which the limitation and imperfections can be washed away resulting in a super human race. Further growth leads man to unfold even deeper layers of consciousness and widen the spectrum of his knowledge to more towards divinity or perfection. In this march towards perfection, Yoga is a systematic conscious process for accelerating the growth of a human being from his animal level and ultimately to divinity. It is a systematic methodology for and all round personality development physical, mental, intellectual, emotional and spiritual components of man. Thus, yoga in its general methodology for the growth of man to divine heights includes technique useful for therapeutic applications in making man healthier. Yoga not only provides techniques for the growth of man from his animal level to heights of perfection it carves out a way of life for him. Yoga way of life in characterized by peace and tranquility, harmony and health, love and happiness, precision and efficiency. Pancha kosa: Pancha Kosa has been taken from Taittireya Upanisad. Human existence is made possible because of balance between five layers or Kosas. These Kosas are called Pancha Kosa, the 5 livered existence of human being. The fine Kosas are: i) Annamaya Kosa: This is the physical layer, over physical body is made of anna or matter. This matter based aspect of our physical personality is Annamaya Kosa. Annamaya Kosa consists of five elements are Panchabhutas namely earth, water, fire, wind and space. Thus, Annamaya Kosa is the physical frame which is the grossest of the five Kosas. ii) Pranamaya Kosa: It is prana the vital force which is the basic fabric of this universe both inside and outside our body. A uniform harmonious flow of prana to each and every all of the Annamya Kosa keeps them alive and healthy. Prana flows through nadis which is called Pancha Prana namely Apana, Prana, Udana, Samana and Vyana. iii) Manomaya Kosas: This is the mental layer where thoughts give rise to strong emotion. It is this emotion that is the root cause of all human joy and distress. When this emotion grows stronger, they govern against our right actions. This leads to imbalances called Adhi or stress. Long standing Adhis get pushed into pranamaya and annamaya Kosa causing Vyadhis. iv) Vijanamaya Kosa: This is the discriminating faculty. It works on conscience which continuously guides the manamoya kosa to get mastery over the basic instincts. It is this component of the mind that was developed in human race that greatly differentiates man from animals. v) Anandamaya Kosa: This is the bliss layer of our existence. This is the most suitable aspect of our existence which is derived of any form of emotions. Bliss is embodied in Anandamaya Kosa, the highest stage of emotion in the manifested existence. It is the subtest among the five layers of existence. The science of illnesses: In Anandamaya Kosa a man is healthiest with perfect harmony and balance of all his faculties. At Vijnanamaya Kosa the movements are channelized in the right direction. The imbalances start only in the Manomaya Kosa. This imbalance amplifies themselves resulting in mental illness called Adhi. At this stage there are no symptoms at the physical level. The mental diseases percolate to the physical from because of the growth of wrong actions. These breed physical diseases are called Vyadhi which is divided into Adhija Vyadhi and Anadhija Vyadhi. The Adhija Vyadhi is two fold- samanya and sara. The former includes diseases incidental to the body. These may be termed as psychosomatic ailments. But the latter is responsible for rebirth to which all men are subjected. The second category of ailments is Anadija Vyadhi those which are not originated by mind. These would probably include the infectious and contagious disease. The disturbances in the Manomaya Kosa percolate into the physical layer through the Pranamaya Kosa. Hence in the treatment of these psychosomatic ailments it becomes mandatory to work at all the levels of pancha kosa. The integrated approach thus, consists is not only dealing with physical sheath, it also includes using technique to operate in different sheaths of our existence. A brief description is given below. i) Annamaya Kosa: a healthy yogic diet, kriyas, loosing exercises and yogasanas are used to operate at the annamaya kosa level and to remove the physical symptoms of the ailments and also plays an important role in building the stamina. ii) Pranamaya Kosa: Prana is the basic life principle. Pranamaya is a process for gaining control over prana. Through the practices of proper breathing, Kriyas pranayamas, we start operating on pranamaya Kosa. Thus, ailments are handled at this pranamaya Kosa level. iii) Manomaya Kosa: A direct operation on this level is made possible by the last three limbs of Astanga Yoga of Patanjali-Dharma, Dhyana and Samadhi. A devotional session containing of prayers, chants, Bhajans, Dhuns, Stotras etc. help to build a congenial atmosphere to evoke, recognize, attenuate and dissipate the emotion. Therefore, the control over the manomaya kosa means control over the adhis and vyadhis. iv) Vijnanamaya Kosa: we can come over all the miseries and obsessions by basic perception and right knowledge. Listening lectures, discussing and counseling of yoga philosophy; positives, and constructive topics offers the right attitude. v) Anadamaya Kosa: The body of happiness can only be brought by working with a background of blissfulness the techniques used come under the heading of Karma Yoga the secret of action. Thus the IAYT helps us for the total holistic health and humanity to build a divine society. CHAPTER 8: DIABETES MELLITUS Definition: Diabetes mellitus (DM) refers to a group of common metabolic disorders that share the phenotype of hyperglycemia. Several distinct types of DM exist and are caused by a complex interaction of genetics and environmental factors. Depending on the etiology of the DM, factors contributing to hyperglycemia include reduced insulin secretion, decreased glucose utilization, and increased glucose production. The metabolic dysregulation associated with DM causes secondary pathophysiologic changes in multiple organ systems that impose a tremendous burden on the individual with diabetes and on the health care system. It is most common of the endocrine disorders. Being chronic it affects the metabolism of carbohydrates, protein, fat, water and electrolytes. The result is by effecting the eye, kidney and nervous system. Classification: Diabetes mellitus is classified into 2 major types. Insulin Dependent Diabetes Mellitus (IDDM) or Juvenile Onset Diabetes (JOD) Non-Insuline Dependent Diabetes Mellitus. (NIDDM) 1. Insuline Dependent Diabetes Mellitus (IDDM) This is an Immune Mediated Diabetes which is caused by a phenomenon called Auto Immune Mechanism. Here, the immune system goes wrong and produce antibodies. When autoimmune mechanisms are directed against the insulin producing B-cells of the pancreas (diabetes does not set in until 80% of B-cells are destroyed).saaaq Then, the pancreas stops producing insulin or producing insufficient qualities this prevents glucose from entering the body cells which results high level of food in the form of glucose in the blood stream, this type of diabetes must inject themselves daily with insulin. Juvenile Onset Diabetes: This subtype commonly occurs in childhood and adolescence but can occur in any age both sexes can be affected. Idiopathic Diabetes is also type of IDDM. Here dietary plays an important part. There is no evidence of B-cell destruction. Episodes of rise in blood glucose and ketone accumulation may occur periodically. The patients may require insulin treatment for survival. 2. Non-insulin Dependent Diabetes Mellitus / Adult Onset Diabetes (AOD) In this type an inappropriate secretion of insulin at the wrong time or the body issue becomes less responsive to the insulin. In this form of diabetes insulin release appear to occur too late in the cycle so the blood sugar level rises to a high level before insulin is secreted and when it is secreted then that there is a no enough to cope with the high blood sugar level. It is called Non-Insulin Dependent DM because it can usually be controlled without the use of insulin injection. This type was also referred as Adult Onset Diabetes since it occurs most often in adults, 40 years of age and older. Other types of Diabetes. a) Potential diabà ¨tes: Patients are having increase liability to develop diabetes due to genetic reason on child of diabetes parents. b) Latent Diabetes: Patients who have shown abnormal results under comparing a burden on the pancreatic all during pregnancy or infection. Causes of Diabetes: Type 1 Diabetes occurs due to heredity, and autoimmunity. Type 2 Diabetes occurs due to heredity, overweight, sedentary life style and degenative Heredity: The heredity characteristics are: If a parent has type-1 diabetes i.e. IDDM, a child has 2-5% change of developing DM. If a child has Type-1 DM, the changes of a brother or a sister developing DM is of the order of 5-10%. If a person with one parent with type-II Diabetes has a chance of 25% of developing type-II diabetes during adult hood. If both the parents have diabetes it increase to 50% If a person has type-II diabetes the chances of a brother or a sister with develop in the order of 20-40% Overweight: 50-80% of the people with type-II diabetes are overweight at the time of diagnosis. Auto immunity: In this condition, the bodys immune system mistakenly attacks and destroys of its own cells eg. Beta cells of the islets of langerhans in Type-1 diabetes. Age: When there are two children of parents with diabetes and one becomes overweight during adulthood and the other does not one will be more likely to develop type II Diabetes Signs and Symptoms: Diabetes mellitus usually occurs with following sign and symptoms. Dryness of the mouth and excessive thirst Frequent urination Weight loss Weakness and inability to cope with the daily routine Redness and Irritation of genitalia Blurred vision Fatigue Painful limbs Pain in fingers and toes Cramps or numbers of feet may be present Diagnosis: Depends on history, examination supported by following investigations Blood sugar test Fasting blood sugar (FBS), Normal range 50- 100mg% or (5-6-5mmol/l) Post prandial blood sugar (PPBS), Normal range 130-160mg% or (6-8 mmol/l) Urine Test Glucose appears in urine when the blood glucose level exceeds about 180mg%. This limit is called Renal Kidney threshold for glucose. Methods of testing Sugar/Glucose. Benedicts test Paper strip test. Glucose Tolerance Test: Medical Management: Diabetes mellitus cannot be cured completely but can be kept under control with the help of dietary changes, drugs or insulin. Main object of Management: To provide quality the life of diabetic patients To relieve the symptoms of diabetes. To establish good sugar control To stop diabetes spreading for their complication. Mode of the Diabetic Management Diet Exercise Medicine Acupuncture/Acupressure Yoga Magnet therapy Principle of Diet-Planning: A DM patients diet should be able to Supply sufficient amount of energy giving nutrients like carbohydrates, proteins and fats. -Supply sufficient amounts of vitamins and minerals. To maintain ideal body weight. To help in avoiding complications of DM. Yogic Management: According to yoga, the causes of diabetes are in the mind i.e. stress any percolate down to Prà ¤namaya kosha and Annamaya Kosha. Hence it has got to be tackled at all the five koshas. Annamaya Kosa: Diet control is important; Sithilikarna Vyayama should be practiced to stimulate internal organs. Asanas brings flexibility suppleness to muscular system, help in removing tamasic behaviour. It also activates the vital internal organs Kriyas, Uddiyanabandha and Agnisara help increasing the blood flow to the region resulting in removing impurities and stimulating the pancreas Pranamaya kosa: Pranayama is gaining mastery over prana the basic life giving force. It regulates the breath and balances prana. The following practices are very helpful. Sectional breathing, Nadi Suddhi and Brahmari etc. Manomaya Kosa: The guided meditative practices described here under are easy to follow and highly beneficial in calming down and slowing down the mind. OM Mediation DRT MSRT QRT Cyclic Mediation Devotional Session Vijnanamaya Kosa: At the intellectual level, a national correction is imparted as to What is real happiness? i.e. Happy Analysis Ananda Mimamsa an effort to redeem the participants of all miseries and obsessions and attachments. This is done through counseling, satsangs, lectures, maitrimilian etc. Anandamaya Kosa: Everybody experienced that Ananda the blissful state beyond the time and space at least for a short time. May be by accident and may not be aware how to get that blissful state again and be in it for longer time if not forever participants are encouraged to be in touch with that blissful state through Karma Yoga and Happy Assembly. Case History: Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Name : Mr. C. R. Age Sex : 73, Female Occupation : Agriculture Marital status : Married Education : PUC Date of Admission : Date of Discharge : Diagnosis : Diabetes Mellitus Chief Complaints: K/C/O- Diabetes and Hypertension since 15 years Tingling numbness in feet Delay in wound healing BPH and Constipation since 4 years Kidney stones since 2 years History of Present Illness: Patent was apparently normal before 15 years then he got to know that he is diabetic when his blood was checked. Later he was started with the medications. Gradually he developed the Prostate hypertrophy and constipation. Two years back he developed kidney stones. Personal History: Appetite : Normal Sleep : Disturbed Bowls : Constipated Bladder : Frequent urination Addictions : No Menstrual/ OBG History: Not specific Past History: Had the head injury in road traffic accident 4 year ago He had the clot in the brain and operated in 2007 Family History: Father and son having high BP Treatment / Medication History: Tab. Riotrill 5 Mg 0-0-1 Tab. Triptomen 0-0-1 Tab. Stamlo Beta 500 Mg 0-0-1 Tab. Glymet GP2 1-0-1 Tab. Plagerine -A 0-1-1 Tab. Storvas 10 Mg 0-0-1 Tab. Himplasia 1-0-1 Tab. Y- Lax Constipation Social / Stress history: Wife expired 2 years ago, she was also diabetic Son is not co-operating Examination General Physical Examination: Built: moderate Pallor: + Clubbing: NAD Edema: Mild pitting edema in both legs Vital Signs: PR: 74/ min RR: 24/ min BP: 130/80 mm of Hg Temp: Normal Height: 56 Weight: 77 Kg Systemic Examination: CVS: NAD Investigations: FBS : 90 mg/dl 1 week ago (Venous blood) PPBS : 130 mg/ dl Diagnosis: Diabetes mellitus with neuropathy Aim of Present Therapy: Is to reduce the frequency of urination and to improve the quality of sleep. To reduce the diabetic complications, bring down the medications. To improve the overall quality of life. Management Progress: The participant attended all the classes and found all of them to be enjoyable and enlighten. Out of all the class he liked CM, initially he found DM special technique a little too exhausting. After some time he was toned down to accommodate his physical condition. He enjoyed the lecture by Dr. Raghuramji found them relevant to his life. Counseling Strategies: The participant was completely understood the holistic approach of the IAYT. We encouraged him to abstain completely abstain from the sweets during his stay so that he may see clearly that blood sugar level is drooping by time of his discharge. We encouraged him to participate actively during special technique sessions and to practice his own diligently so that the effect of each exercise is felt more clearly The participant responded positively when he started to noticing the improvement, he was more even more encouraged. We taught him the sweet Meditation and its theory. The participant loved many of the lectures as they touched on the realities of day to day life. Gentle words of encouragement and praise worked very well with this participant. Results: General Parameters: S. NO PARTICULARS BY AY % CHANGE 1 SYS BP (mm of Hg) 130 118 2 DIA BP (mm of Hg) 80 76 3 PULSE (cycles per min) 74 72 4 RR (cycles per min) 24 20 5 BHT(Sec) 8 11 6 WT(Kg) 77 76.1 Clinical Parameters: S. NO PARTICULARS BY AY % CHANGE 1 MEDICATION SCORE (MS) 8 8 2 SYMPTOM SCORE (SS) 4 1 Psychological Parameters: S. NO PARTICULARS BY AY % CHANGE 1 SATVA 21 21 2 RAJAS 2 2 3 TAMAS 2 2 Specific Parameters: S. NO PARTICULARS BY AY % CHANGE 1 FBS(mg/dl) 90 90 2 PPBS(mg/dl) 130 114 CHAPTER 7: BACK PAIN Definition Any pain which occurs in the region between the neck and pelvic at any point on the Spinal column, is termed as Back Pain. Back pain is not disease and therefore, it has no cure. But it can be controlled. Causes: Back pain is a symptom. Common causes of back pain involve disease or injury to the muscles, bones, and/or nerves of the spine. Pain arising from abnormalities of organs within the abdomen, pelvis, or chest may also be felt in the back. This is called referred pain. Many intra-abdominal disorders, such as appendicitis, aneurysms, kidney diseases, bladder infections, pelvic infections, and ovarian disorders, among others, can cause pain referred to the back. Normal pregnancy can cause back pain in many ways, including stretching ligaments within the pelvis, irritating nerves, and straining the low back. Your doctor will have this in mind when evaluating your pain. The most common causes of lower back pain are sprains and strains. Other conditions that can cause back pain include: disc injury, spinal stenosis, and osteoarthritis of the spine, spondylolisthesis, ankylosing spondylitis, osteoporosis and fractures of the lumbar spine, pregnancy, fibromyalgia. Classification: Several classifications are available. Feinstein described 3 major types of clinimetric indexes that are relevant to classification systems used for patients with LBP. These are the status index, the prognostic index, and the clinical guideline index. Followings are some conditions with a symptom of back pain Sciatica: A severe shooting pain that radiates from the lower back along the back of the thigh down to the outer inner side of the foot. Radiculopathy: Pain in the area where the particular nerve has been distributed, because of nerve trap or compression, patient feels pain in that area. Lumbar spondylosis: Limited movements of the waist region. Stiffening of the spine Cervical spondylosis Low back pain, neck pain, headache Arm pain and neck movements are reduced Tender spot in the trapezium muscles Arms become weak and lose reflexes. Coccydynia: Pain in the coccyx region Ankylosing spondylitis: Chronic stiffness in the hips and entire spine Mild to moderate nagging pain in the lumbar region or hips Lumbago: Acute pain to the buttocks or thighs Signs and Symptoms: Depends on type of Backpain Diagnostic Criteria: Asymmetrical straight leg raising Asymmetrical movements of lumbar spine Test for pain during movements Test for neurology defect Test for back pain on axial loading Test for sensory loss Imaging techniques i.e. CT and MRI Medical management: Depends on type of backpain. Analgesics anti-inflammatory. Surgery Yogic management: Prevention is better than cure. Preventive measures include: Awareness and correction of posture while standing, sitting and lying down Regular exercises Stress management Yogic techniques involving slow body movements followed by practices of deep relaxation are useful in maintaining the strength and flexibility of the spine. Regular practice of a basic set of yoga practices of 45 to 60 min including sà ¼rya Namaskà ¤r, loosening practices, 8-10 Ä sana followed by deep relaxation, PrÄ nÄ nyÄ ma and Meditation. The different Yogic practices affects on Pancha kosha levels: Annamaya kosha: Asana, Physical movements, kriyas, and Yogasanas are used to operate at the Annamaya kosa level and to remove the physical symptoms of the ailments. KriyÄ s: It is a yogic process to cleanse the inner organs of the body and they bring the following effects: Activating and revitalizing the organs, toning up their functions Desensitization Development of the deep internal awareness Physical exercise and movement: Very simple physical movements to mobilize and activates, particularly, affected parts of the body are used. Some easy physical exercises are adopted to fulfill the needs of the particular ailments. Loosen the joints, stretch and relax the muscles, improve the forbearance power, to develop stamina. Yogasanas: YogÄ sanas are physical postures often imitating the natural position of animal meant to tranquil the mind. Through postures the physical revitalization, deep relaxation and mental calmness are brought about. Pranamaya kosha: The sheath of prana is a process for gaining control over prana. Awareness and concentration on the painful parts give a control over the affected prana. Sectional breat

Crusades :: essays research papers

Crusades   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Crusades began in 1088 when Urban II preached the First Crusade at the Council of Clermont. The reason for such a mass following of people to leave their homes and travel to the Holy Land to fight is unknown. There are numerous plausible causes, which will be discussed in this paper.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The reason the Pope preached the Crusades originally was the supposed threat of Muslim rule. In truth the Muslims and Christians in the Holy Land had lived peacefully for years, but the Pope was also a politician. Many believe that his motive was to gain political power by gaining control of all of the Muslim territories. This feat was accomplished by the and of 1099 and four new states were set up after the first crusade had ended.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  It is fairly easy to see why the Pope would want to incite the crusades, but why would normal people leave all they had to carry out this Holy War? Many people believed (because this is what the Pope told them) that all of their sins would be forgiven if they carried out this momentous task. They were practically guaranteed a place in heaven. Other crusaders went in search of gold and riches that they would take after plundering the Jewish and Muslim villages. Many younger sons of aristocrats went in search of land because their older brother had inherited the family’s land. An additional reason for men and women to go fight may have been pride. “Keeping up with the Jones’s'; is not a new concept. Many people may have felt pressured to join the crusades along with their neighbors and after committing to go one could not turn back with the penalty of excommunication. The crusades also created business for maritime cities.

Handmaids Tale †Power and Control Essay

‘How is Gilead presented as a place of power and control in the opening chapters of The Handmaid’s Tale?’ The Republic of Gilead is the fictional country which Margaret Atwood chose as the setting for her dystopian novel, The Handmaid’s Tale. We can infer from the first chapter that Gilead is within the borders of the USA from the fact that ‘old’ blankets still said US: this hints that some sort of major catastrophe has occurred before the time of the novel to change this. The first few chapters suggest a lot about the setting, and also how the transition of the country from being the United States of America to the Republic of Gilead may not have been a particularly positive one. The novel of The Handmaid’s Tale is based on the political oppression of women and how the new theocratic government of the Republic of Gilead manipulates the Bible into promoting the control of women. The first chapter opens with ‘We slept in what had on ce been the gymnasium’. If schools are being used to house women, then they cannot be used for education. This is a form of indoctrination – a way of avoiding a rise in support of any other ideas within the younger generation, or anything that would be counter-productive to the way Gilead is run. We later learn that the new regime states that women are not allowed to read in Gilead at all, and even the shop names have been painted out to remove this ‘temptation’. Money has also been exchanged for pictured vouchers, which again shows how the state obviously feels that if they can control women’s minds, the better they can control their bodies. Offred recalls how an Aunt once told her that where she’ll end up ‘is not a prison but a privilege’, and the fact that the Aunt felt the need to say this shows how the Commander’s house would be a place of strict control. The women who live in the gymnasium are not allowed to communicate, shown by how they ‘learned to lip read’ at night in the dimmed light. They are under constant surveillance of Aunt Sara and Aunt Elizabeth, who ‘had electric cattle prods slung on thongs from their leather belts’, which suggests the means by which they keep control are through fear and occasionally violence. The fact that the lighting is not completely cut at night shows how the Aunts control the women even when they are sleeping – they can see them at all times. However despite this ‘even they [the Aunts] could not be trusted with guns. Guns were for the guards, specially picked by the Angels’. This shows the social hierarchy of Gilead and how the idea of control through weapon runs through all castes with any importance. Although the Aunts are responsible for bringing up the Handmaids and preparing them to do their job, the male Guards and Angels still have more authority than them. However despite this, the guardians are ‘supposed to show respect’ to the Handmaids despite their place in society, showing that there is still a hierarchy within the males and they still have to follow orders. The Commanders at the top of the ladder seem to have the most power, shown by the fact that they have ‘double obscurity’, in contrast to every other caste within the society who is under the constant watch of the Eyes. The Handmaids in particular do not seem to have any privacy at all– the door to Offred’s room in her Commander’s house does not even shut properly. The sense of constant paranoia of all citizens of Gilead is obvious throughout the opening chapters of the novel, and seems to be a passive way of the state keeping total control. When Nick, the chauffeur, winks at the Offred it leads her to think that ‘perhaps he is an Eye’ positioned to test her response. This shows just how strict the control of this new style country is as this small action causes so much stress. This seems very familiar to the idea of the secret police in Nazi Germany, whose identity no one knew and presence was used to encourage conformity and obedience by prompting constant fear in citizens of being reported. The Handmaids also go shopping in pairs; they know that this also for control – ‘she is my spy, as I am hers’ and this ensures that they conform to decorum. The different uniforms worn within Gilead are another example of the state using the power they have to control their citizens. All women in the Republic are defined by the colour of their uniforms. These uniforms remove all individuality from particularly the submissive women, as well as camouflaging all signs of shape and figure. Gilead sees women’s sexuality as dangerous, which is why the uniforms they have prescribed are so concealing and unflattering. When Offred walks by the young Guardians, she moves her hips when she senses them watching her, and then states her hope that ‘they get hard’ as a result of her doing this. This shows how she feels that her ability to inspire sexual attraction, despite her uniform is the only power she herself retains. Fear is obviously used in Gilead as the main form of control, made clear by the fact that there are ‘men with machine guns in the pillboxes on either side of road’ – this indicates how strict the rules within the country are, and how severe the consequences are if you break them. The Guardians’ sexual desire is controlled by the idea of the ‘floodlights going on, the rifle shots’ which illustrates the extent of the power the state has over them – they have not yet earned the right to a women, therefore would be totally sex-starved as masturbation is a sin and porn is forbidden. The only hope for them of this changing is if they were promoted to Angel status, and this desire as well as fear keeps them obedient. Stories of people being shot, such as the Martha they guards thought was a man carrying a gun, show that the state are so set on keeping control of everything within Gilead they will act before establishing if their beliefs are true or not. These stories would have heightened the fear of the citizens of being caught doing anything even slightly wrong. Aunt Lydia gives one of the most important quotes in the novel – ‘†¦in the days of anarchy, it was freedom to. Now you are being given freedom from. Don’t underrate it.’ This sums up the new way of society in Gilead completely, right down to how the Aunts indoctrinate the women into thinking that the transition is beneficial for them – this is shown by how Offred says that ‘women were not protected back then’. The new state has removed all free will and option of choice from every citizen within the Republic in exchange for having the power and complete control over them – the state evens controls the citizens’ sex lives, as well as what they wear – and I feel that in doing this they have now presented Gilead as a complete terror state.

Fiji Geography Information

Fiji Geography Information Population: 944,720 (July 2009 estimate)Capital: SuvaArea: 7,055 square miles (18,274 sq km)Coastline: 702 miles (1,129 km)Highest Point: Mount Tomanivi at 4,344 feet (1,324 m)Fiji, officially called the Republic of the Fiji Islands, is an island group located in Oceania between Hawaii and New Zealand. Fiji is made up of 332 islands and only 110 are inhabited. Fiji is one of the most developed Pacific Islands and has a strong economy based on mineral extraction and agriculture. Fiji is also a popular tourist destination because of its tropical landscape and it is fairly easy to get to from the western United States and Australia. Fijis History Fiji was first settled about 3,500 years ago by Melanesian and Polynesian settlers. Europeans did not arrive on the islands until the 19th century but upon their arrival, many wars broke out between the various native groups on the islands. After one such war in 1874, a Fijian tribal chief named Cakobau ceded the islands to the British which officially began British colonialism in Fiji. Under British colonialism, Fiji experienced the growth of plantation agriculture. Native Fijian traditions were also for the most part maintained. During World War II soldiers from Fiji joined the British and the Allies in battles at the Solomon Islands.On October 10, 1970, Fiji officially became independent. Following its independence, there were hostilities around how Fiji would be governed and in 1987 a military coup took place to prevent an Indian-led political party from taking power. Shortly thereafter, there were ethnic hostilities in the country and stability was not retained until the 1990s.In 1998, Fiji adopted a new constitution that specified that its government would be run by a multiracial cabinet and in 1999, Mahendra Chaudhry, Fijis first Indian prime minister took office. Ethnic hostilities continued, however, and in 2000 armed soldiers staged another governmental coup which eventually caused an election in 2001. In September of that year, Laisenia Qarase was sworn a s Prime Minister with a cabinet of ethnic Fijians. In 2003 however, Qarases government was declared unconstitutional and there was an attempt to once again install a multiethnic cabinet. In December of 2006, Qarase was removed from office and Jona Senilagakali was appointed as the interim prime minister. In 2007, Frank Bainimarama became prime minister after Senilagakali resigned and he brought more military power into Fiji and refused democratic elections in 2009.In September 2009, Fiji was removed from the Commonwealth of Nations because this act failed to put the country on track to forming a democracy. Government of Fiji Today Fiji is considered a republic with a chief of state and head of government. It also has a bicameral Parliament that is made up of a 32-seat Senate and a 71-seat House of Representatives. 23 of the House seats are reserved for ethnic Fijians, 19 for ethnic Indians and three for other ethnic groups. Fiji also has a judicial branch that is comprised of a Supreme Court, a Court of Appeal, a High Court, and Magistrates Courts. Economica and Land Use In Fiji Fiji has one of the strongest economies of any Pacific island nation because it is rich in natural resources and is a popular tourist destination. Some of Fijis resources include forest, mineral and fish resources. Industry in Fiji is largely based on tourism, sugar, clothing, copra, gold, silver and lumber. In addition, agriculture is a large part of Fijis economy and its chief agricultural products are sugarcane, coconuts, cassava, rice, sweet potatoes, bananas, cattle, pigs, horses, goats, and fish. Geography and Climate of Fiji The country of Fiji is spread across 332 islands in the South Pacific Ocean and is located closest to Vanuatu and the Solomon Islands. Much of Fijis terrain is varied and its islands consist mainly of small beaches and mountains with a volcanic history. The two largest islands that are a part of Fiji are Viti Levu and Vanua Levu.Fijis climate is considered tropical marine and therefore has a mild climate. It does have some slight seasonal variations and tropical cyclones are common and typically occur in the region between November and January. On March 15, 2010, a large cyclone struck Fijis northern islands. More Facts About Fiji Fijis official languages are English, Fijian, and HindiThe literacy rate in Fiji is 93%Ethnic Fijians make up 57% of Fijis population while Indo-Fijians make up 37% References Central Intelligence Agency. (2010, March 4). CIA - the World Factbook - Fiji. Retrieved from: https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/fj.htmlInfoplease. (n.d.). Fiji: History, Geography, Government, Culture -Infoplease.com. Retrieved from: infoplease.com/country/fiji.htmlUnited States Department of State. (2009, December). Fiji (12/09). Retrieved from: state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/1834.htm

Free Essays on My Last Douchess

The Duke of â€Å"My Last Duchess† Outline Thesis: The Duke of Ferrara, the speaker is a jealous, arrogant and hypocrite man who was very controlling over his dead wife I. The Duke’s desire of control is displayed with each one of his actions A. He shows off the portrait of his dead wife B. He monopolizes his conversation with the envoy C. He tells the envoy when to sit and when to rise II. There is an irony in the control the Duke wants to impose over other people. He really does not have much control. A. He could not control his wife’s smiles B. He cannot control what the envoy will inform the count III. Arrogance is manifested by the Duke The Duke of â€Å"My Last Duchess† Murder, arrogance, hypocrisy, jealously and possessiveness are some of the main themes we can find in â€Å"My Last Duchess†. Robert Browning's poem, "My Last Duchess," features a sixteenth century Duke engaged in dialogue with an arbiter of a Count. "My last Duchess" is spoken from the perspective of the Duke and conveys the Duke’s personality through the literary form of a dramatic monologue. The subtitle of â€Å"My Last Duchess† is â€Å"Ferrara†, which makes a historical reference to the Duke of Ferrara. â€Å"The poem, "My Last Duchess" is based on incidents in the life of Alfonso II, duke of Ferrara in Italy†(Lombardy). According to Hecimovich â€Å"the situation is take [sic] from the life of an actual sixteenth-century, but Browning has imagined the specific incident†. The Duke of Ferrara, the speaker is a jealous, arrogant and hypocrite man who was very controlling over his dead wife. By talking about his previous wife, the Duke s hows of his power and the requirements his next wife should meet. His diction reveals his personality very clearly. The poem begins with the Duke pointing at the painting on the wall that portrays his last duchess. The reader is directed to imagine the Duke walking with the count’s agent through his art gall... Free Essays on My Last Douchess Free Essays on My Last Douchess The Duke of â€Å"My Last Duchess† Outline Thesis: The Duke of Ferrara, the speaker is a jealous, arrogant and hypocrite man who was very controlling over his dead wife I. The Duke’s desire of control is displayed with each one of his actions A. He shows off the portrait of his dead wife B. He monopolizes his conversation with the envoy C. He tells the envoy when to sit and when to rise II. There is an irony in the control the Duke wants to impose over other people. He really does not have much control. A. He could not control his wife’s smiles B. He cannot control what the envoy will inform the count III. Arrogance is manifested by the Duke The Duke of â€Å"My Last Duchess† Murder, arrogance, hypocrisy, jealously and possessiveness are some of the main themes we can find in â€Å"My Last Duchess†. Robert Browning's poem, "My Last Duchess," features a sixteenth century Duke engaged in dialogue with an arbiter of a Count. "My last Duchess" is spoken from the perspective of the Duke and conveys the Duke’s personality through the literary form of a dramatic monologue. The subtitle of â€Å"My Last Duchess† is â€Å"Ferrara†, which makes a historical reference to the Duke of Ferrara. â€Å"The poem, "My Last Duchess" is based on incidents in the life of Alfonso II, duke of Ferrara in Italy†(Lombardy). According to Hecimovich â€Å"the situation is take [sic] from the life of an actual sixteenth-century, but Browning has imagined the specific incident†. The Duke of Ferrara, the speaker is a jealous, arrogant and hypocrite man who was very controlling over his dead wife. By talking about his previous wife, the Duke s hows of his power and the requirements his next wife should meet. His diction reveals his personality very clearly. The poem begins with the Duke pointing at the painting on the wall that portrays his last duchess. The reader is directed to imagine the Duke walking with the count’s agent through his art gall...

A real case risk management analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

A real case risk management analysis - Essay Example perience in the provision of helicopter services in over 30 countries, on all seven continents and in most of the major offshore oil and gas producing regions of the world. (Company Annual Report, 2007). Its major operating units include the United Kingdom, Norway, Netherlands, South Africa, Australia and Canada. The company’s European and Global Operations segments enable it to provide helicopter transportation services to the oil and gas industry for production and exploration activities. (Company Annual Report, 2007). In addition, the company also provides helicopter transportation services for emergency medical services (â€Å"EMS†) and search and rescue (â€Å"SAR†) activities, as well as ancillary services such as flight training. Its Heli-One segment, one of the world’s largest non-original equipment manufacturer support company provides repair and overhaul (â€Å"R&O†) services, aircraft leasing, integrated logistics support, helicopter part s sales and distribution, as well as other related services to its flight operations and third-party clients around the world. (Company Annual Report, 2007). The company’s operations depend largely upon the level of activity in the oil and gas industry. The activities are therefore affected to varying degrees by trends in oil and gas prices. Traditional wisdom detects that oil and gas prices have been very unstable in the past and continue to depend to wide fluctuations to changes in the supply and demand for oil and gas, market uncertainty and a variety of additional factors beyond the company’s control. (Company’s Annual Report, 2007). It is difficult for the company to predict the movement of future oil and gas prices. Prolonged declines in oil and gas prices could adversely affect Helicopter’s activity in support of exploration and to a lesser extent, production activity and, therefore, have a material adverse effect on the business, financial condition and results of operations. (Company’s Annual Report,

Domestic Intelligence and Priorities versus Politics Essay

Domestic Intelligence and Priorities versus Politics - Essay Example (Gillam & Mogren, 2007) This is mainly related to protection by the law enforcement or the constitution of the country. These two (domestic intelligence and law enforcement) are both meant to protect the citizens from terrorist attacks or any other form of insecurity. Scholars however states that the two cannot work together since they tend to be having different objectives. The law enforcement mainly focuses on protection of the citizens while domestic intelligence, though still protecting the citizens, is meant to collect information and search for any terrorists at all costs. It is therefore argued that, in the process of gathering the information, the citizens’ privacy is compromised and thus their civil liberties threatened. In my opinion however, domestic intelligence is worthwhile since it protects the citizens. I would argue that a decrease in the civil liberties in order to enforce further protection from terrorism is better than freedom with no security. It would be better for domestic intelligence to be increased so as to protect the citizens from any possible terrorists than to claim that civil liberties are being violated. This is mainly because, if civil liberties are given the first priority the terrorists will also take advantage of this and thus hide among the citizens without being identified. The government determines the key infrastructure and key assets through determination of the benefits that are likely to be obtained from the infrastructure and also assessment of the costs that are involved. Determination of whether resources are equally distributed is determined by the level of participation of citizens in the various economic activities of the country. When most of the countries citizens are contributing to the income of the country, then it shows that the resources are well distributed. This is because it is an indication that people can access both economic, education

Social economics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Social economics - Essay Example Improving the social being is one of the prime concerns of the governments and devotes a lot of interest to achieve economic prosperity. But economic prosperity may not bring improved social well being for all as well being is not directly related to income. The aspects of social capital can act to reduce transaction costs and also encourage behavior and trust. The different sources within the community can be thought of as the origination of social capital. Social capital can operate and emerge in families and educational institutions and also in business and local community. Social capital can have both positive and negative impacts on the society. On the one hand it creates social division and on the other leads to social and economic well being at least for some sections of the society. There are mainly five mechanisms by which social capital can affect the outcomes. A distinction can be made between the formal and informal forms of social capital. Formal social capital refers to patterns of behavior, exchange norms, networks which are formally defined. The networks operating outside this formal system refer to informal social capital. The usefulness of this distinction lies in illustrating the problems arising in operations of social capital. The first kind of social capital can be found in the extent of civil society while the second form can be difficult to find as it requires household surveys. At the national level poverty refers to a country’s lack of resources necessary towards education, health and infrastructure. This may give rise to political unrest. In the developed countries poverty is one of the social problems. Poverty alleviation has been one of the guiding principles for most of the governments. The role of economic growth and development in creating employment avenues has clearly been recognized. Some specific sectors have been chosen by most administrations and growth oriented approach has been undertaken.

Judicial Activism Essay Example for Free

Judicial Activism Essay It is perhaps unsurprising that the liberal court led by Chief Justice Earl Warren from 1953 to 1969 invalidated federal, state and local laws at almost twice the rate of the Roberts court. But the more conservative court that followed, led by Chief Justice Warren E. Burger from 1969 to 1986, was even more activist, striking down laws in almost 9 percent of its cases, compared with just over 7 percent in the Warren court and just 4 percent in the Roberts court. The court led by Chief Justice William H. Rehnquist from 1986 to 2005 was also more activist than the current one, at 6.4 percent. In a new book, â€Å"Terms of Engagement,† Clark M. Neily III of the Institute for Justice, a libertarian group, calculated that the Supreme Court struck down just 103 of the 15,817 laws enacted by Congress in the half-century ending in 2002. â€Å"It is implausible,† he wrote, â€Å"to suppose the federal government hits the constitutional strike zone 99.5 percent of the time.† Mr. Neily urged the Supreme Court to be more active but rejected the phrase â€Å"judicial activism.† After the Supreme Court argument in the case in the spring of 2012, with things looking grim for the fate of his law, Mr. Obama tried to shift the terms of the discussion back to activism. â€Å"I’d just remind conservative commentators,† he said, â€Å"that for years what we’ve heard is the biggest problem on the bench was judicial activism or a lack of judicial restraint — that an unelected group of people would somehow overturn a duly constituted and passed law.† Three months after Mr. Obama’s remarks, Chief Justice Roberts broke with his usual conservative allies and voted with the court’s four liberals to uphold the law. In a joint dissent, the four conservatives said the majority was wrong to portray its ruling as â€Å"judicial modesty† when â€Å"it amounts instead to a vast judicial overreaching.† In a recent essay, â€Å"Why We Need More Judicial Activism,† Suzanna Sherry, a law professor at Vanderbilt University, said the Supreme Court had erred more often in sustaining laws than in striking them down. â€Å"Too much of a good thing can be bad,† she wrote, â€Å"and democracy is no exception.† The article’s central claim is based upon political science research showing that the Roberts Court has been more likely to reach â€Å"conservative† decisions than its predecessors. Liptak reports: In its first five years, the Roberts court issued conservative decisions 58 percent of the time. And  in the term ending a year ago, the rate rose to 65 percent, the highest number in any year since at least 1953. The recent shift to the right is modest. And the court’s decisions have hardly been uniformly conservative. The justices have, for instance, limited the use of the death penalty and rejected broad claims of executive power in the government’s efforts to combat terrorism. But scholars who look at overall trends rather than individual decisions say that widely accepted political science data tell an unmistakable story about a notably conservative court. This distinction is important because the data presented by Liptak suggests that the Roberts Court is such a â€Å"conservative minimalist† court. Indeed, it appears to be the most restrained – or least â€Å"activist† (if â€Å"activism† is defined as willingness to overturn federal statutes or prior precedents) – Court since World War II. According to the data presented with the article in this chart, the Warren, Burger and Rehnquist Courts overturned precedents at an average rate of 2.7, 2.8 and 2.4 per term, respectively. The Roberts Court, on the other hand, has only overturned an average of 1.6 precedents per term. The record on striking down laws shows a similar pattern. The Warren, Burger, and Rehnquist Courts struck down an average of 7.9, 12.5, and 8.2 laws per term, whereas the Roberts Court has only invalidated an average of 3 laws per term. Liptak acknowledges this data at the close of his article, but downplays it with his description: â€Å"The Roberts court is finding laws unconstitutional and reversing precedent — two measures of activism — no more often than earlier courts.† So, while the majority of the Roberts Court’s decisions are â€Å"conservative,† the data Liptak summarizes does not appear to have resulted in a more â€Å"conservative† legal regime, as the Roberts Court has done relatively little to change the law (at least thus far) compared to its predecessors. This is important, because it effectively refutes claims that there is anything particularly radical or â€Å"activist† about the Roberts Court, even if one accepts that it is notably â€Å"conservative.† There is no evidence as yet that the Roberts Court is as willing to challenge federal power as the Court was under Burger (National League of Cities v. Usery) or Rehnquist (Lopez, Morrison, Boerne). There are exceptions, such as some of the Court’s Miranda decisions – which have certainly made the law less protective of criminal suspects and defendants – and Citizens United, but these exceptions are balanced by aggressive liberal opinions in areas like executive power and the death penalty. In sum, even if most of the Roberts Court’s decisions are â€Å"conservative† a substantive analysis of the Roberts Court’s decisions does not reveal a significant rightward shift in the law.

The Yellow Wallpaper and The Chrysanthemums -- Comparative, Allen, St

Restraints are set by parents on their children to aid with the developmental process and help with the maturity level. Restrictions and the ability to control exist in our society and our lives. We encounter restraints daily: job, doors, people, and the most frequently used and arduous become intangible. In the following stories tangible and intangible scenarios are presented. Autonomy, desires, and talents spurned by the husbands in John Steinbeck’s â€Å"The Chrysanthemums and Charlotte Gilman’s â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper.† The authors share views regarding a similar theme of male domination and imprisonment. â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† involves the treatment of a depressed woman who is driven insane in a male imposed detention in her own room. On the other hand, Elisa Allen in the â€Å"The Chrysanthemums† struggles internally to find her place in a fully male dominated society with definite gender roles. The mirror-like situations bring upon a different reaction for both the women in different ways. The importance of symbolism, control from their husbands, and the lack of a healthy marriage will be discussed in this paper in two stories. Elisa Allen and the narrator of â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† are both trapped in various ways and the sexuality leads to this entrapment. Elisa feels confined and limited; â€Å"the high grey-flannel fog of winter closed off the Salinas Valley from the sky and from all the rest of the world† (226). Trapped inside the house and feels isolated from the world outside. The chrysanthemums symbolize her scope of life where she devotes most of her time with this activity. The chrysanthemums, strong and thriving, portray Elisa’s current physical condition. She treats the chrysanthemums like her children; â€Å"she held the flower po... ...e husbands possess a male ego of power that leads to lack of understanding in their marriages. The wallpaper symbolizes the trapped narrator and the structure of the tradition. Also, Elisa’s chrysanthemums are discarded and the narrator’s feelings are disowned which portrays the rejection of women. Elisa ends up â€Å"crying weakly like an old woman† and settles for wine (233). The narrator’s actions lead to her husband fainting â€Å"but he did, and right across my path by the wall, so that I had to creep over him every time† (447). The narrator is insane and causes faintness in her husband, hoping that she now has an escape. To conclude, John Steinbecks â€Å"The Chrysanthemums† and Charloette Perkins â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† show two different outcomes mainly arisen due to being trapped inside an isolated house or a garden and having a limited life under a husband's control.

Jack Kevorkian Essay -- essays research papers fc

After talks with her husband, sons, minister, and local doctors; Janet Adkins decided she didn ¹t want to undergo the sustained mental deterioration that Alzheimer ¹s Disease caused (Uhlman 111). She began to realize she had the disease when she started forgetting songs and failed to recognize notes as she played the piano (Filene 188).  ³She read in Newsweek about Dr. Jack Kevorkian and his Å’Mercitron ¹ machine, then saw him on the Å’Donahue ¹ Television show ² (Filene 188). With her husband ¹s consent but objections by sons and doctors, she telephoned him to arrange to kill herself (Filene 188). She still had a life expectancy of at least ten years with the illness, but she wished to die. She wanted to die before the disease robbed her of her competence (Larson 229). Kevorkian later killed Adkins and faced the consequences boldly (Hendin,  ³Suicide in America ² 247). The background, process, and effects of Dr. Kevorkian ¹s questionable first patient, Jane t Adkins, have a very detailed story in them. Janet Adkins led a very productive life up to and even after she had been diagnosed with Alzheimer ¹s, but she couldn ¹t handle losing control of her brain (Filene 188). She was 54 years old and lived in a wealthy Oregon suburb with her stock broker husband, Ron. She was also the mother of three sons, taught English and piano, went hang gliding, trekked in Nepal, climbed Mount Hood, and generally behaved with a lot of energy (Gutmann 20). She and her husband were longtime Hemlock society members, which advocates Euthanasia in some cases (Betzold 22).  ³Doctors at a Portland hospital told her that eventually she would be dependent on her husband for feeding and bathing ² (Gutmann 21). She did not want to take her own life in case she messed it up, and her own doctors wouldn ¹t help her (Hendin ,  ³Seduced by Death ² 132). Though she was still able to carry on clear conversations and demolish her son at tennis; her husband explained that if she was going to go, she ¹d probably want to go to soon rather than to late (Gutmann 21). After hearing about Kevorkian, Ron Adkins contacted him to employ his services (Wolfson 56). Her husband complained to Dr. Kevorkian that he had to remind her of the times of her tennis lessons, and that she kept leaving her purse in the house. After the brief conversation, Kevorkian agreed to meet with her (Gutmann 20).  ³Dr. Kevorkian was a ret... ...termining how ill she was. Also the method of which he carried out the suicide raised questions (Hendin,  ³Seduced by Death ² 130). Among supporters of Euthanasia he became something of an antiestablishment here (Larson 230). This was the first of over a hundred assisted suicides that he would perform (Uhlman 111). Works Cited Betzold, Michael.  ³The Selling of Doctor Death. ² New Republic 26 May 1997: 22-28. Fessenden, Ford.  ³Matters of Life and Death. ² Newsday 10 June 1995: 7. Filene, Peter. In the Arms of Others. Chicago: Ivan R. Dee, 1998. Gutmann, Stephanie.  ³Death and the Maiden. ² New Republic 24 June 1996: 20-22. Hamel, Robert. Must We Suffer Our Way to Death. Texas: Southern Methodist Press, 1996. Hendin, Herbert. Seduced by Death. New York: W.W. Norton and Company, 1997. Hendin, Herbert. Suicide in America. New York: W.W. Norton and Company, 1995. Larson, Edward. A Different Death. Illinois: Intervarsity Press, 1998. Uhlman, Michael. Last Rights. Washington D.C.: Ethics and Public Policy Center, 1998. Wolfson, Adam.  ³Killing of the Dying. ² The Public Interest Spring 1998: 56.

A New Approach to Portfolio Matrix Analysis for Marketing Planning

A NEW APPROACH TO PORTFOLIO MATRIX ANALYSIS FOR STRATEGIC MARKETING PLANNING 1 2 Vladimir Dobric , Boris Delibasic Faculty of organizational science, [email  protected] rs 2 Faculty of organizational science, delibasic. [email  protected] rs 1 Abstract: Portfolio matrix is probably the most important tool for strategic marketing planning, especially in the strategy selection stage. Position of the organization in the portfolio matrix and it’s corresponding marketing strategy depends on the aggregation of values of relevant strategic factors. Traditional approach to portfolio matrix analysis uses averaging function as an aggregation operator.This approach is very limited in realistic business environment characterized by complex relations between strategic factors. An innovative approach to portfolio matrix analysis, presented in this paper, can be used to express complex interaction between strategic factors. The new approach is based on the logical aggregation operator, a generalized aggregation operator from which other aggregation operators can be obtained as special cases. Example of traditional approach to portfolio matrix analysis given in this paper clearly shows it’s inherited limitations.The new approach applied to the same example eliminates weaknesses of traditional one and facilitates strategic marketing planning in realistic business environment. Key words: Portfolio matrix analysis, strategic marketing planning, logical aggregation, aggregation operator. 1. INTRODUCTION The portfolio matrix analysis is widely used in strategic management [2, 3, 6]. It offers a view of the position of the organization in its environment and suggests generic strategies for the future. Some of the most frequently used portfolio matrices are the ADL (developed by Arthur D.Little), the BCG (Boston Consulting Group) and the GE (General Electric) McKinsey matrix. Other models that can be considered as versions or adaptations of the original GE McKinsey matrix are the Shell directional policy matrix and McDonald’s directional policy matrix (DPM) that is used in this paper. The application of any of these portfolio matrices can be, roughly, divided into two stages: the first stage, which includes the analysis of the business position of the organization, and the second stage in which the strategies that should be used in future are recommended based on the estimated position.The difference between aforementioned matrices lies in number and meaning of factors used in the analysis process as well as in the number and generality of recommended strategies. It is common for all the portfolio matrices that the position of the organization in a portfolio matrix is based on estimated values of two factors: the one describing external environment (market attractiveness in DPM) and the other describing inner characteristics of the organization compared to the major competitors (business strengths/position in DPM).On the basis of portfo lio matrix analysis , a generic marketing strategy is recommended based on an organization’s position in the portfolio matrix. In the portfolio matrix analysis, values of two factors describing external and internal environment are estimated as aggregations of values of strategic factors influencing respective environment. The choice of the most adequate aggregation functions depends on the condition in which organization operates, i. e. an aggregation functions describing external and internal environment should have a behaviour which models organization’s external and internal environment conditions respectively.In the traditional approach to portfolio matrix analysis, weighted arithmetic mean is commonly used as an aggregation function. This aggregation operator describes an averaging behaviour, thus, it can be used to model business environment in which high and low values of strategic factors average each other. In the realistic business environment strategic fact ors can interact in a more complex way, i. e. they can average each other, reinforce or weaken each other (disjunctive or conjunctive behaviour), or exhibit various forms of mixed interactions [2, 3, 6].It is clear that the use of weighted arithmetic mean as an aggregation operator can’t express all the possible interactions between strategic factors that exist in a realistic business environment. This explains why the traditional approach to portfolio matrix analysis is highly limited, with the inherited weaknesses that can’t be overcome without substantial modification. Therefore, under previous conditions, it is obvious that a new approach to portfolio matrix analysis is needed.This new approach must take in consideration all the possible forms of interactions between strategic factors that can occur in a realistic business environment. These interactions can be expressed with a logical aggregation operator, so a new approach to portfolio matrix analysis can be base d on this operator. W eighted arithmetic mean and other known aggregation operators are just, as we will see in the following sections, special cases of logical aggregation operator. 2. THE MCDONALD’S DIRECTIONAL POLICY MATRIX (DPM)Although the DPM, like other models of portfolio matrices, attempts to define an organization’s strategic position and strategy alternatives, this objective can’t be met without considering what is meant by the term „organizationâ€Å". The accepted level at which an organization can be analysed using the DPM is that of the „strategic business unitâ€Å". The most common definition of an SBU is as follows [3]: (1) It will have common segments and competitors for most of the products; (2) It will be a competitor in an external market; (3) It is a discrete, separate and identifiable „unitâ€Å"; 4) Its manager will have control over most of the areas critical to success. DPM has two dimensions each built up from a n umber of factors: (1) Market attractiveness and (2) Business strengths/position. Using these factors, and some scheme for weighting them according to their importance, strategic business units are classified into one of nine cells in a 3 X3 matrix. Each cell is connected to a generic strategy recommended by the DPM. Factors used to form aggregated dimensions of DPM vary according to concrete circumstances in which SBU operates. Notice that previous explanations taken rom [3] suggest weighted arithmetic mean as an aggregation operator, thus, traditional approach to DPM analysis only considers a case of averaging behaviour between strategic factors. That is only one of the possible interactions between strategic factors that can occur in realistic business environment. Other possible interactions like conjunction, disjunction or mixed interaction can’ t be modelled by using weighted sum of factors as an aggregation operator. Definitions of market attractiveness and business str engths/positions dimensions are g iven in [3].Market attractiveness is a measure of the marketplace potential to yield growth in sales and profits. It is important to highlight the need for an objective assessment of market attractiveness using data from the organization’s external environment. The criteria themselves will, of course, be determined by the organization carrying out the exercise and will be relevant to the objectives the organization is trying to achieve, but they should be independent of the organization’s position in its m arkets [3]. Business strengths/position is a measure of organization’s actual strengths in the marketplace (i. . the degree to which it can take advantage of a market opportunity). Thus, it is an objective assessment of an organization’s ability to satisfy market needs relative to competitors. DPM, together with generic marketing strategy options is shown in Picture 1. Picture 1: Directional policy matrix 3. TRADITIONAL APPROACH TO DIRECTIONAL POLICY MATRIX ANALYSIS In this section, traditional approach to DPM analysis using simple example will be presented, highlighting it’s inherited limitations originating from using non-adequate aggregation functions.Tables 1 and 2 are slight modification of tables that are used in DPM analysis example in [3] on pages 202 and 203, where market attractiveness and business strengths/position are evaluated by using weights and scores of relevant strategic factors. The only modification applied on tables in [3] is the normalization of weights, scores and corresponding evaluations to [0, 1] interval. This is done with simple transformation, which is covered in the following sections. Table 1: Market attractiveness evaluation Strategic factor (Fi) Score (si) Total (M) 0. 25 0. 25 0. 5 0. 15 0. 1 0. 1 1. Growth 2. Profitability 3. Size 4. Vulnerability 5. Competition 6. Cyclicality W eight (wi) 0. 6 0. 9 0. 6 0. 5 0. 8 0. 25 0. 15 0. 225 0. 09 0. 075 0. 08 0. 25 Total 1 0. 645 Table 2: Business strengths/position evaluation Strategic factor (Fi) 7. Price 8. Product 9. Service 10. Image Total W eight (wi) 0. 5 0. 25 0. 15 0. 1 1 You company Competitor A Competitor C Score (si) Total (B) Score Total (A) Score Total (C) 0. 5 0. 6 0. 8 0. 6 0. 25 0. 15 0. 12 0. 06 0. 6 0. 8 0. 4 0. 5 0. 3 0. 2 0. 06 0. 05 0. 4 1 0. 6 0. 3 0. 2 0. 25 0. 09 0. 03 . 58 0. 61 0. 57 Market attractiveness (M) and business strengths/position (B) are evaluated using weighted arithmetic mean as an aggregation function of scores {s1, †¦, s6} and {s7, †¦, s10} given for relevant strategic factors {F1, †¦, F10} using weights {w1, †¦, w10}: M = w1 s1 + w2 s2 + w3 s3 + w4 s4 + w5 s5 + w6 s6 = 0. 645 (1) B = w7 s7 + w8 s8 + w9 s9 + w10 s10 = 0. 58 (2) The same equations can be given in matrix form: M = W M SM (3) B = W B SB (4) where M and B are market attractiveness and business strengths/position evaluation respectively, W M = [w1, T , w6] and SM = [s 1, †¦, s6] are weighting and scoring vectors for market attractiveness strategic factors , T and W B = [w7, †¦, w10] and SB = [s7, †¦, s10] are weighting and scoring vectors for business strengths/position strategic factors. Notice that the exact position of the organization on the DPM is not given with business strengths/position value (B), but the relative business strengths/position value (BR), since business strengths/position is actually a measure of organizational abilities (B) (internal environment) relative to the competitors (i. e. respective abilities of market leader) [3].In our example market leader is Competitor A (from Table 2), thus, organization’s relative business strengths/position value (BR) is calculated as: BR = B/A (5) Relative business strengths/position value (BR) is then plotted on the horizontal axis of the DPM using a logarithmic scale [3]. These explanations are not of importance for the domain of our investigation, so no futher cons iderations regarding relative business strengths/position value (BR) and DPM plotting are given. In the rest of this paper, the only consideration will be given to market attractiveness (M) and business strengths/position (B) evaluation.W eighted arithmetic mean used for an aggregation function assumes that the interactions between strategic factors show averaging behavior, i. e. it is used to model business environment in which values of strategic factors average each other. This is the mayor drawback of traditional DPM analysis. Realistic business environment demands more modelling power for more complex factors interactions. Besides averaging, strategic factors can reinforce or weaken each other (disjunctive or conjunctive behaviour respectively), or exhibit various forms of interactions which are neither strictly averaging, conjunctive or disjunctive, but mixed, i. . aggregation function exhibits different behaviour on different parts of the domain (mixed behaviour). Under these circumstances, it is obvious that a new approach to portfolio matrix analysis demands an usage of different aggregation operator, the one capable of modelling all the possible interactions between strategic factors that can take place in a realistic business environment. The paper presents an approach to portfolio matrix analysis, using logical aggregation operator, which eliminates weaknesses of traditional one. If we return to ur example shown in Tables 1 and 2, we can restate possible business external and internal environment conditions in the following way: 1) It is possible that interactions between market attractiveness or business strengths/position strategic factors show averaging behaviour, i. e. scores {s1, †¦, s6} or {s7, †¦, s10} given to strategic factors {F1, †¦, F10} can average each other using weights {w1, †¦, w10}. In this case market attractiveness and business strengths/position are evaluated as shown in equations (1) and (2) , or in their m atrix equivalents (3) and (4). ) It is possible that interactions between market attractiveness or business strengths/position strategic factors show conjunctive behaviour, i. e. scores {s1, †¦, s6} or {s7, †¦,s10} given to strategic factors {F1, †¦, F10} can weaken each other. In this case market attractiveness and business strengths/position evaluation depends upon the lowest score among the relevant factors: M = min(s1, †¦, s6) (6) B = min(s7, †¦, s10) (7) 3) It is possible that interactions between market attractiveness or business strengths/position strategic factors show disjunctive behaviour, i. e. cores { s1, †¦, s6} or {s7, †¦, s10} given to strategic factors {F1, †¦, F10} can reinforce each other. In this case market attractiveness and business strengths/position evaluation depends upon the highest score among the relevant factors: M = max(s1, †¦, s6) (8) B = max(s7, †¦, s10) (9) 4) It is possible that interactions between market attractiveness or business strengths/position strategic factors show mixed behaviour. For example, scores {s1, †¦,s6} or {s7, †¦,s10} given to strategic factors {F1, †¦, F10} can average, reinforce and weaken each other depending on their values.Thus, the aggregation function can be conjunctive for low scores, disjunctive for high scores, and perhaps averaging when some scores are high and some are low (different behaviour of aggregation function on different parts of the domain). Example for this kind of aggregation function’s behaviour will be given in the following sections. Logical aggregation operator can express all previous types of interactions, so it naturally imposes itself as a replacement to weighted arithmetic mean aggregation operator in the new approach to portfolio matrix analysis.Notice that interactions between strategic factors from organization’s external environment (market attractiveness factors) and those from organizationâ €™s internal environment ( business strengths/position factors) are not recognized in traditional approach to DPM analysis [3]. If those interactions can be recognized, they can easily be integrated into the model in the new approach. In the following section basic theory of logical aggregation will be briefly examined. After examining the theory, a simple example of new approach to portfolio matrix analysis using Tables 1 and 2 will be presented. . LOGICAL AGGREGATION Aggregation functions are functions with special properties. The purpose of aggregation functions (they are also called aggregation operators, both terms are used interchangeably in the existing literature) is to combine inputs and produce output, where the inputs are typically interpreted as degrees of preference, strength of evidence or support of hypothesis [1]. If we consider a finite set of inputs I = {i1, †¦, in}, we can aggregate them into single representative value by using infinitely many aggregatio n functions.They are grouped in various families such as means, triangular norms and conor ms, Choquet and Sugeno integral, uninorms and nullnorms, and many others [1]. The question arises how to chose the most suitable aggregation function for a specific application. This question can be answered by choosing logical aggregation function – a generalized aggregation operator that can be reduced to any other known one. Logical aggregation is an aggregation method that combines inputs and produces output using logical aggregation operator [4, 5].In a general case logical aggregation is carrried out in two distinct steps: 1) Normalization of input values which results in a generalized logical and/or [0, 1] value of analyzed input ij: ? ? ? : I > [0, 1] (10) 2) Aggregation of normalized values of inputs into resulting globaly representative value with a logical aggregation operator: n Aggr: [0, 1] > [0, 1] (11) The first step explains the reason for modification of tables from [3] in previous section, in order to obtain Tables 1 and 2 with normalized values of strategic factors’ scores on which logical aggregation operator can be applied.Operator of logical aggregation in a general case (Aggr ) is a pseudo-logical function ( ), a linear convex combination of generalized Boolean polynomials ( ) [4, 5]: Aggr (? i1? , †¦ , ? in? ) = (? i1? , †¦ , ? in? ) = ? wj? j? (? i1? , †¦ , ? in? ) (12) where (? ) is a generalized product operator and (? ) is an aggregation measure as defined in [4, 5]. Generalized Boolean polynomial is a value realization of Boolean logical function ?. Boolean logical function is an element of Boolean algebra of inputs ? (i1, †¦ , in) ?BA(I), to which corresponds uniquely a generalized Boolean polynomial (? i1? , †¦ , ? in? ) as it’s value: : [0, 1] > [0, 1] n (13) Logical aggregation operator depends on the chosen measure of aggregation (? ) and operator of generalized product (? ). By a corresp onding choice of the measure of aggregation (? ) and generalized product (? ) the known aggregation operators can be obtained as special cases [4, 5], e. g. for additive aggregation measure (? := ? add) and generalized product (? := min) logical aggregation operator reduces to weighted arithmetic mean: Aggradd in (? i1? , †¦ , ? in? ) = ? wj (? ij? ) (14) After considering basic theory of logical aggregation, we can return to the domain of our investigation. In the following section the new approach to portfolio matrix analysis will be presented thoroughly using the same data from Tables 1 and 2. 5. A NEW APPROACH TO PORTFOLIO MATRIX ANALYSIS If we consider again Tables 1 and 2, and four cases of possible business environment conditions as defined in Section 3, we can design new aggregation functions that model all the aforementi oned conditions using logical aggregation operator.In this section an example to all four types of strategic factors interactions will be given, toget her with logical functions modeling them. A starting point for the new approach to portfolio matrix anal ysis is a finite set of strategic factors F = {F1, †¦ , F10} and a Boolean algebra BA(F), defined over it. The task of logical aggregation in DPM analysis is the fusion of strategic factors’ scores into resulting market attractiveness and business strengths/position values using logical tools. Logical aggregation has two steps: (1) Normalization of strategic factors’ scores (score Sj corresponds to factor Fj as its predefined value): ? ? : Sj > [0, 1] (15) that results in a logical and/or score sj ? [0, 1] of analyzed strategic factor Fj (j = 1.. |F|). Normalization of scores in S is done with simple transformation. In the original tables in [3], score (Sj) of strategic factor (Fj) belongs to interval [0.. 10], e. g. Strategic factor Growth (F1) has score S1 = 6 in the original table in [3]. The normalized score (s1) for this factor (F1) is given in Table 1 wit h the following equation: s1 = 6/10 = 0. 6 (16) The same transformation is applied to the rest of the strategic factors in tables in [3], resulting in Tables 1 and 2. 2) Aggregation of normalized scores {s1, †¦ , s6} and {s7, †¦ , s10} of factors {F1, †¦ , F10} into resulting market attractiveness (M) and business strengths/position (B) values with a logical aggregation operator: M = Aggr (s1, †¦ , s6) (17) B = Aggr (s7, †¦ , s10) (18) Aggregation of scores {s1, †¦ , s6} and {s7, †¦ , s10} for strategic factors {F1, †¦ , F10} is accomplished using generalized Boolean polynomials (? M? ) and (? B? ): Aggr (s1, †¦ , s6) = ? M? (s1, †¦ , s6) = [? M(F1, †¦ , F6)]? (19) Aggr (s7, †¦ , s10) = ? B? (s7, †¦ s10) = [? B(F7, †¦ , F10)]? (20) Generalized Boolean polynomials ? M? (s1, †¦ , s6) and ? B? (s7, †¦ , s10) are value realizations of Boolean logical functions ? M(F1, †¦ , F6) and ? B(F7, †¦ , F10) , which belong to Boolean algebra of strategic factors BA(F). Notice that interactions between strategic factors from organization’s external environment (market attractiveness factors) and those from organization’s internal environment (business strengths/position factors) are not stated in [3]. If they exist, they can easily be integrated into the model.Adequate generalized product operator (? ) in the domain of portfolio matrix analysis is min operator (? := min). If we return to the possible business environment conditions stated in Section 3, we can formulate logical functions to express corresponding types of interactions between the strategic factors: 1) If the interactions between market attractiveness or business strengths/position strategic factors show averaging behaviour, then the new approach to portfolio matrix analysis reduces to traditional one, as stated in equations (1) and (2), or matrix equivalents (3) and (4). ) If the interactions between market a ttractiveness or business strengths/position strategic factors show conjunctive behaviour, they are expressed in the following way: ? M = F1 ? F2 ? F3 ? F4 ? F5 ? F6 (21) ?B = F7 ? F8 ? F9 ? F10 (22) Market attractiveness and business strengths/position evaluation are given with corresponding generalized Boolean polynomial (? := and, ? := min): M = Aggrand (s1, †¦ , s6) = ? M min B = Aggrand min = [F1 ? F2 ? F3 ? F4 ? F5 ? F6] min (s7, †¦ , s10) = ? B min min = [F7 ? F8 ? F9 ? F10] min(s1, s2, s3, s4, s5, s6) = 0. 25 (23) min (24) = min(s7, s8, s9, s10) = 0. 5 3) If the interactions between market attractiveness or business strengths/position strategic factors show disjunctive behaviour, they are expressed in the following way: ? M = F1 ? F2 ? F3 ? F4 ? F5 ? F6 (25) ?B = F7 ? F8 ? F9 ? F10 (26) Market attractiveness and business strengths/position evaluation are given with corresponding generalized Boolean polynomial (? := or, ? := min): M = Aggror (s1, †¦ , s6) = ? M min min = [F1 ? F2 ? F3 ? F4 ? F5 ? F6] min max(s1, s2, s3, s4, s5, s6) = 0. 9 (27) B = Aggror (s7, †¦ , s10) = ? B min min = [F7 ? F8 ? F9 ? F10] min = max(s7, s8, s9, s10) = 0. 8 (28) 4) If the interactions between market attractiveness or business strengths/position strategic factors show mixed behaviour (aggregation function exhibits different behaviour on different parts of the domain), they can be modelled with the following logical functions, e. g. realistic external and internal business environment, where strategic factors show mixed behaviour, can be modelled as: ?If the external environment conditions are that profitabilty (F2), size (F3) and cyclicality (F6) are important, but if the profitability (F2) is not high enough, growth (F1), vulnerability (F4) and competition (F5) are important, we can write the following expression: ?M = (F2 ? F3 ? F6) ? (c(F2) ? F1 ? F4 ? F5) (29) ? If the internal environment conditions are that price (F7) and product (F8) are importan t, but if the price (F7) and product (F8) are not competitive, service (F9) and image (F10) are important, we can write the following expression: ?B = (F7 ? F8) ? (c(F7 ? F8) ?F9 ? F10) (30) Market attractiveness and business strengths/position evaluation, for organization’s external and internal environment conditions respectively, are given with corresponding generalized Boolean polynomial (? := min): M = Aggr? (s1, †¦ , s6) = ? M = [(F2 ? F3 ? F6) ? (c(F2) ? F1 ? F4 ? F5)] = = s2 ? s3 ? s6 + (1 – s2) ? s1 ? s4 ? s5 – s2 ? s3 ? s6 ? (1 – s2) ? s1 ? s4 ? s5 = 0. 25 (31) B = Aggr? (s7, †¦ , s10) = ? B = [(F7 ? F8) ? (c(F7 ? F8) ? F9 ? F10)] = = s7 ? s8 + (1 – (s7 ? s8)) ? s9 ? s10 – s7 ? s8 ? (1 – (s7 ? s8)) ? s9 ? s10 = 0. 6 (32) min min min min min minRemember that when plotting the DPM, the exact position of the organization on the business strengths/position axis (horizontal) is calculated using relative business strengt hs/position value (BR) and logarithmic scale (see equation (5)), for all aforementioned types of strategic factors interactions . 5. CONCLUSION Traditional approach to portfolio matrix analysis uses weighted arithmetic mean as an aggregation function, thus, it can only be used to model business environment in which strategic factors’ interactions show averaging behavior. This is only one of the four cases of realistic business environment conditions, i. . strategic factors’ interactions showing conjunction, disjunction or mixed behavior are not covered in the traditional approach. The new approach uses generalized aggregation function – operator of logical aggregation. This operator can model all the possible business environment conditions – types of interactions between the strategic factors. This paper shows that traditional approach to portfolio matrix analysis is just a special case of the new one, since the weighted arithmetic mean is actually a spe cial case of logical aggregation operator.Usage of logical aggregation operator in the new approach clearly improves the traditional one, allowing more modeling power for complex relations among the strategic factors. Since the new approach to portfolio matrix analysis covers all four types of strategic factors’ interactions, it facilitates strategic marketing planning in a realistic business environment. 5. BIBLIOGRAPHY [1] Beliakov G. , Pradera A. , Calvo T. , Aggregation functions: A guide for practitioners , Springer-Verlag, Berlin Heilderberg, 2007. [2] Leibold M. Probst G. J. B. , Gibbert M. , Strategic Management in the Knowledge Economy†, Wiley VCH, 2005. 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